Archive for the ‘History’ Category
Cheerleading has actually been a part of even ancient sporting events, but organized cheering didn’t become prevalent in the U.S. until the 1880s. Amazingly, the first cheerleaders were men! In many cases, women were not even allowed to attend colleges or universities, so it was the men who grabbed megaphones and rallied the spectators with chants of ‘Rah Rah Rah’ and it was the men who first established some of the oldest cheers, some of which are still used at these colleges and universities today. The credit for the first cheer actually goes to Princeton, where a group of boys were tasked with getting the crowd excited in support of their football team. It was a Princeton graduated, Thomas Peebles, who first brought football to the University of Minnesota, and brought with it his talent at leading cheers, though Johnny (Jack) Campbell is historically credited with being the father of modern cheerleading. He and several other young men were ‘officially’ selected to lead the ‘yelling’ as it used to be called at the last Minnesota home game of the season in November, 1898. This was most likely the first ‘pep squad’ ever formed, though Thomas Peebles’ famous cheer was then and still is today being performed at the University of Minnesota. Women started to become a part of cheerleading in the 1920s when universities and colleges opened up their enrollment to women, but the biggest advent of women in cheerleading came during World War II when most able-bodied young men were fighting. Proper decorum was strictly enforced with the girls wearing ankle-length skirts and letter or varsity sweaters. Cheers at that time were limited to a few simple dance moves and paper pom poms that tended to disintegrate with the least little bit of moisture. ‘Proper’ girls had to really reach deep to bring out those loud voices to rally the crowd and they were usually the most popular girls in school, not because they were cheerleaders, but because they were popular to begin with. Girls did not have to try out to be on the cheerleading squad. It was an elected position and therefore went to only the most popular girls on campus. It wasn’t until much later that the situation was somewhat reversed and try outs resulted in the most talented making the squads and THEN becoming the most popular girls in school. Cheerleading developed fairly slowly. Cheerleaders tested the time-honored boundaries by slowly introducing new ways to move. The megaphone continued to be a part of the sport, but as tumbling and acrobatic moves became more popular, the costumes had to change in order to accommodate these new moves. Baggy, shape-hiding sweaters gave way to more aerodynamically designed outfits that allowed more freedom of movement, but that also allowed more exposure of feminine skin. Men were still a part of the cheerleading scene, but they soon became the muscle of the group, being the base for pyramids and the strength for daring tosses. Cheerleading camps were established and in 1976 the first stunt, called a liberty, was taught by the Universal Cheerleaders Association summer camp. Then, in 1979, the first basket toss was universally taught and taken back to squads across the nation. By 1997 the popularity and daring-doo had spread to such an extent that 15 states officially recognized cheerleading as a sport. In 1999 ESPN made it official by declaring that indeed, cheerleading was a sport. Today cheerleading is a multi-million dollar business and for some, a career. The likes of the Dallas Cowboy Cheerleaders and the Laker Girls were created in order to draw more attention to professional sports. It worked! Now, though, people are questioning the need for these scantily clad women who seem to be more of a sex-symbol than the symbol for a professional sports team. Has their time passed? Yes, cheerleading still has its place among the nation’s high schools and its recognition and advancement as a viable sport is still evident in the competitions that lead to championships and large money awards annually. But, does it still deserve the place it holds in professional sports? It seems these squads have been relegated to the sidelines as they are no longer needed to attract attention. The athletes themselves are the draw. What purpose do they actually serve now? What do you think?
Fabrication is when one thing is manipulated to become something else. Unfortunately, the most common usage of the word might have something to do with the how the truth is so often “fabricated” into something else. However, the most useful type of fabrication has been and most likely always will be metal fabrication.
It is thought that metal was discovered before people even been to write, and that it was first used to make rudimentary tools and weapons – such as arrowheads and spears. Since then, fabrication has come a long way to include metal bending, metal forming, welding, laser cutting, and much more – expanding its utility far beyond the realm of weapons and basic tools.
Metal Fabrication through History
As most high school students know – metal was first used for basic tools. You may picture a primitive arrowhead or a spear, fastened with rawhide with feathers attached- and as far as history can tell us, you wouldn’t be too wrong. These ancient examples of metal fabrication were found in caves, and for the most part every metal fabrication found was created to be used. There was no primitive plasma cutting and metal fabrication done for decorative purposes – only for survival. As far as we can tell, these were the earliest cousins of the modern, technologically savvy, metal fabrications we see today.
The Importance of Fabrication Services
Hundreds of thousands of years ago fabricated metal parts helped ancient humans survive. Today, things aren’t much different. Stainless steel, iron, aluminum, copper, and more are all used to provide us with the products we need every day, from automobile parts to metal fabrications for use by the military, and everything in between. Metal fabrication can include:
Types of Fabrication
Metal fabrication is done for a wide range of industries and applications. Metal fabricated parts include everything from car parts, aircraft components, boat propellers, holding tanks, shark cages, weapons, and much much more.
- Contract assembly: while not specifically “metal fabrication” contract assembly often involves fabrication of some sort. Contract assembly pertains to one customer contracting fabrication, machining, or assembly work to an experience provider who has all the necessary machinery. The contract assembly company usually organizes delivery as well.
- Metal bending and forming: hydraulic press brakes are the most common type of machine used to performing metal forming – a long shot from what primitive man would have used. Metal bending is done with shaped dies and mandrels to bend tubular sections without kinking them while rolling machines are used to form plate steel into a round section.
- Plasma Cutting: Plasma cutting is one metal fabricating process that ancient homo sapiens surely would have loved. Plasma cutting uses a plasma torch to cut varying thicknesses of metal – usually steel – with extreme accuracy. Through a combination of pressurized inert gas and electricity, metal fabricators create a high powered stream of pressure capable of melting metal and simultaneously blowing it away before it can dry into the cut
- Welding is a time honored technique of joining two metals. Slightly different than plasma cutting, welding can use a variety of energy sources – including heat, electricity, friction, and even ultrasound.
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Special Education, over the years, has grown and improved substantially. The history of it contains many admirable historical figures and events that have defined and impacted Special Education. I, however, picked 4 people and one event that I thought had a great impact on Special education. Without these people, special education would not be where it is today. I believe Jean Itard, Edouard Seguin, Helen Keller, Samuel Howe and the Brown Vs. Board of Education, were all important highlights in the history of Special Ed. Although they are not the only ones that should be commended for doing an outstanding job in improving the status of Special Ed, education would not progress as much without them.
Jean Itard is perhaps best defined as “the Father of Special Education” Although he was not aware that his work would have been defined as Special education, his work had a profound effect on future generations. Itard was educated to be a tradesman. However, during the French Revolution, he joined the army to become an assistant surgeon. After the war, he took upon a new and challenging project called Victor. Victor was a wild, animal- like boy that was found running around in the forest. In 1800 he was bought to Paris for observation. When Itard saw the wild, uncivilized boy, he assumed that he had been recently abandoned by his parents. Like a wild animal that does not like to be caged, Victor escaped a couple of times from a widow’s bedroom window. He was normally deficient, but Itard believed he could educate the boy through experience. During Itard’s time, it was a common belief that mentally disabled people were uneducable. The remarkable guru spent five years trying to “cure” him. After 5 years, Victor could read and speak a few words, and could also show affection towards his caretakers. Unfortunately, he never reached normality. Itard thought he had failed as a teacher, but his experience with Victor taught others that in order to achieve the smallest success, he had to accept Victor as a person. His work implemented the most important truth of all, and that was that education had to be in harmony with the dynamic nature of life.
The next important historical figure was not a teacher, but a remarkable student. Helen Keller had an illness which left her blind and deaf. As a young child, she suffered through severe retardation. She made animal like sounds, ripped her clothes off, and was not toilet trained. It was apparent that she lacked civilized traits. Many years later, even she said “I was an animal.” Poor Helen had become a very difficult child. She terrorized the house hold, and often endangered the people in it. The Kellers were advised to visit an expert on deaf children. This was the well known Alexander Graham Bell. Bell suggested that the family seek an instructor from Perkins University.
On March 3rd, 1883, she met her teacher and caretaker, Miss Anne Sullivan. During the first meeting of theirs, Anne spelled out the word d-o-l-l on her arm. After writing the word on her arm, Anne gave Helen a doll, to show her what “doll” was. The next word she was spelled out was “cake” Although she could quickly repeat the same finger movements, Helen never really understood what the words meant. While Anne was struggling to help her understand the meaning of a word, she also was struggling to try to control Helen’s undesirable behavior. Making her educated and civilized was a great challenge for Anne. After a month, her behavior did improve. It was that initial month that the bond between Anne and Helen was established. After that month was the time that people referred to as the “miracle. It was not until 1887, that Helen began to grasp an understanding of the words. Anne pumped water on to Helen’s hand, and spelled out the word on her hand. Something about this activity helped Helen understand the meaning of the words.. Helen progressed as an individual over the years.